Hadi Sadeghi Aval; Hossein Mohseni
Abstract
From ancient times to the present, one of the great ideals of humanity, has been the ideal of peace and how to achieve it. For this purpose, have been used important tools such as rationalism, ethics and human communication. In the midst, prophets and religious missionaries have played a great role in ...
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From ancient times to the present, one of the great ideals of humanity, has been the ideal of peace and how to achieve it. For this purpose, have been used important tools such as rationalism, ethics and human communication. In the midst, prophets and religious missionaries have played a great role in drawing the idea of peace and directly or indirectly, or they themselves have pursued peace and altruism in the form of religious states or by linking religion and politics, they have led political rulers to avoid war and violence. Due to this issue, this study seeks to investigate this fundamental issue that Mani, who was one of the prophets of ancient Iran, how in his field of thought and action, emphasized the issue of peace and altruism in ancient Iran and in the structure of ancient states. Research findings that have been collected in a descriptive / analytical method, shows that Mani by promoting his religious beliefs, seeks to create a kind of state or religious rule that provides the metaphor of peace and altruism for human beings In order to achieve this goal, Mani uses various strategies such as interacting with other religions or drawing the beauty of peace and altruism with painting and music and he even believes that the ultimate struggle between good and evil is altruism and virtuous peace.
Khalil Sardarnia; Hosien Mohseni
Abstract
Intellectuals are one of the important efficient social forces in political processes and policy making at sovereignty level. Besides they are one of the important and influential reference groups that give shape to public opinion. In Iran in 19 century, with civilizational collision ...
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Intellectuals are one of the important efficient social forces in political processes and policy making at sovereignty level. Besides they are one of the important and influential reference groups that give shape to public opinion. In Iran in 19 century, with civilizational collision with the West was shaped the intellectual mainstream under the impacts of Iran’s socio-political developments. In this research, the authors try to explain the reasons and factors of intellectual’s transition from democratic ideas and beliefs to the idea of authoritative state in two time periods of constitutionalism and Pahlavi by using explanative method and knowledge sociology and romanticism. In response to this question, it must be told that in this metamorphosis rooted in socio-political factors in constitutional age such as political anarchy, Protorianism, national sovereignty crisis, non-realization of democratic ideals and principles and public tiredness of socio-political turbulence. The finding of this article shows that the intellectual mainstream in the beginning years of constitutional revolution and its critical situation came to this conclusion that in the absence of authoritative state or government as a main motivation for development, there would be no hope for national sovereignty and development and additionally without authoritative stability, liberties lead to anarchism and national humiliation.
